Unspoken evaluation of impoliteness: The Javanese linguistic interaction example

Unspoken evaluation of impoliteness: The Javanese linguistic interaction example
Norwanto Norwanto | Universitas Islam Negeri Salatiga

This study aims at examining the evaluation of impoliteness not manifested in utterances or actions. The focus is on how speaker-hearers conceal their negative evaluation and the reasons underlying their behavior. The data were collected from a WhatsApp group conversation, from a Focus Group discussion with WhatsApp group members, and through questionnaires. The study approaches the data using relational work and rapport management theories. The study shows that hearers conceal the evaluation of impoliteness by affiliating with the topics evaluated positively instead of negatively evaluated utterances. The behavior can cause contested meanings of unmarked utterances between the hearers and the speakers. Although speakers perceive their utterances as politic or appropriate, the hearers observe them negatively. Furthermore, the Focus Group discussion showed that the WhatsApp Group members conducted the unspoken evaluation of impoliteness to maintain the equanimity of social relationships. The questionnaires indicated that concealing negative evaluation is a recurrent action of native speakers of Javanese.

Keywords: unmarked utterances/actions, relational work, im/politeness, rapport management, Javanese language

Politeness and Camaraderie: How Types of Form Matter in Indonesian Context

 Politeness and Camaraderie: How Types of Form Matter in Indonesian Context

Jumanto

Abstract

This article is about politeness and camaraderie through pragmatic viewpoints within Indonesian context. A language, the writer argues, should be directed to politeness (distant language) and camaraderie (close language), the two varieties of language use in some diglossic speech situation. The writer’s arguments are, among others, that distant language is formal, indirect, and non-literal, and that close language is informal, direct, and literal. Distant language is spoken to hearers with power factor, while close language is spoken to hearers with solidarity factor. Ignorance or incompetence of this may cause impoliteness, i.e. rude situations or awkward situations in interpersonal interactions. This tendency elaborates pragmatic viewpointsfrom Goffman’spositive and negative face [1], Brown and Levinson’s positive and negative politeness strategies[2], Renkema’s solidarity and respect politeness[3],Jumanto’s friendship and politeness[4],[5], and types of hearer elaborated by Brown and Gilman[6]and advocated by Jumanto[5]. Examples in the Indonesian language, based on a simple emic research, are given to support the everyday-use-of-Indonesian-language arguments. 

Keywords: Politeness; camaraderie; impoliteness; distant language; close language; rude situation; awkward situation

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References

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Papers in the Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol 7 no. 1 (2025).

Dear all,

This is the newly published paper in the Journal of Pragmatics Research Vol 7 no. 1 (2025).

Articles
Learning by Gaming: Extramural English Gaming Effect on Indonesian Senior High Students' Pragmatic Competence
Muh Ilham Dirwan, Ni Wayan Sartini, Muhammad Zulfadhli
1-20 PDF
Abstract View: 207, PDF Download: 184

The Role of Technology in Facilitating the Acquisition of Pragmatic Competence in Online English Language Learning
Mezia Kemala Sari, Efri Yoni, Sri Ariani, Erlinda Syam, Fadila Rasyida
21-33 PDF
Abstract View: 69, PDF Download: 44

Social Semiotics "Masako Package”: Systemic Functional Linguistics Perspective
Nancy Natalia Dharmawan, I Ketut Suardana, Yoga Putra Semadi
34-53 PDF
Abstract View: 83, PDF Download: 32

Code Switching and Code Mixing in Denny Sumargo’s Podcast on Toxic Relationships
Karisma Tarigan, Yesika T. Girsang
54-85 PDF
Abstract View: 73, PDF Download: 72

Linguistic Reflections of Cultural Ethics: Social Assistance Discourse in Surakarta
Teisar Arkida, Fitri Anekawati, Wakit Abdullah Rais, 86-106 PDF
Abstract View: 43, PDF Download: 13

Strengthening Spiritual Representation Through Charles Sanders Peirce's Semiotic Analysis In The Song Gala Bunga Matahari
Rahma Fatiya, Dewi Kusumaningsih, Muhlis Fajar Wicaksana, Sri Wahono Saptomo, Hanisah Hanafi
107-131 PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)
Abstract View: 58, PDF (Bahasa Indonesia) Download: 22

The Analysis of Emojis and Identities In The Comments Section on Instagram @Ussfeed: From Semiotics to Cyberpragmatics
Muhamad Hilal, Ribut Wahyudi, 132-156

Maharani, F., Firdaus, D., & Sariyati, I. (2025). Turn-Taking Strategies in Happy Sad Confused: Crafting an Interactive and Engaging Talk Show Experience. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 7(1), 157–181. https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/view/3737 

Tren Penelitian Terbaru Kajian Linguistik Pragmatik

 

Teori *impoliteness* oleh Jonathan Culpeper memang merupakan antitesis dari teori *politeness* dan *Cooperative Principle* yang didasarkan pada prinsip Gricean. Namun, relevansi teori ini dalam perkembangan linguistik pragmatik saat ini bergantung pada konteks penggunaannya dan fokus penelitian.

### **Teori Politeness dan Cooperative Principle**

- Teori *politeness* dan *Cooperative Principle* Grice (1975) telah menjadi dasar dalam studi pragmatik komunikasi. Prinsip ini berfokus pada efektivitas komunikasi melalui empat kategori maksim: kualitas, kuantitas, relevansi, dan cara[1][3].

- Teori *politeness* oleh Brown dan Levinson (1987) serta model oleh Leech (1983) memperluas prinsip Grice dengan menambahkan dimensi sosial seperti kesopanan dan strategi komunikasi untuk menghindari pelanggaran sosial[1][3].

- Dalam konteks budaya tertentu, seperti Indonesia, penerapan prinsip Grice sering kali disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan harmoni dan nilai budaya lokal[3].

### **Teori Impoliteness oleh Jonathan Culpeper**

- Culpeper memperkenalkan teori *impoliteness* sebagai cara untuk memahami pelanggaran norma kesopanan dalam komunikasi. Teori ini berfokus pada bagaimana ketidaksopanan digunakan secara strategis untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu, seperti mengekspresikan ketidaksetujuan atau konflik[1].

- Teori ini relevan dalam situasi komunikasi yang tidak kooperatif atau konflik sosial, di mana pelanggaran norma kesopanan menjadi alat komunikasi yang efektif.

### **Relevansi dan Perkembangan**

71 LIST OF RESEARCH ON IMPOLITENESS IN CYBERPRAGMATICS

1. Expression of Emotion As Impoliteness Markers In Instagram Comments Section In Indonesia: A Pragmatic Study , D. Suganda, S. Yuliawati, Nani Darmayanti, 2022. The paper analyzes impoliteness markers in Indonesian Instagram comments using pragmatic theories. It focuses on swear words, examining their form, reference, and impact.

1. Indonesian Netizens’ Impoliteness Toward Government Loudspeaker Policies: A Cyberpragmatic Approach, Tri Santoso, Endang Nurhayati, Margana, Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2025. The paper analyzes impoliteness in Indonesian netizens' comments on a government policy, using a cyberpragmatic approach and Leech's impoliteness theory. It identifies deviations from maxims of wisdom, politeness, agreement, and sympathy.
2. Politeness and Impoliteness Strategies in Lecturer-Student Communication Within Cyberpragmatic Chats, Faizal Risdianto, M. Machfudz, 2023. The paper perfectly matches the criteria for impoliteness and cyberpragmatics. It analyzes impoliteness principles in online communication and uses a cyberpragmatic approach to study online interactions. It is somewhat relevant to the Indonesian language criterion as it examines communication in both English and Indonesian.
3. Impoliteness Strategy for Cyberbullying in Indonesian on Instagram Social Media, Subyantoro, Suseno, Zuliyanti, 2023. The paper analyzes impoliteness strategies in Indonesian cyberbullying speech on Instagram, identifying positive and negative impoliteness types. While relevant to cyberpragmatics through its discussion of impoliteness, it doesn't explicitly apply specific pragmatic frameworks.
4. HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA: INDONESIAN NETIZENS’ HATE COMMENTS OF PRESIDENTIAL TALK SHOWS ON YOUTUBE, Ismail Tahir, Muhammad Gana Fajar Ramadhan 2024. This paper analyzes hate speech in Indonesian netizens' comments on YouTube, focusing on impoliteness strategies. It identifies early warning as the most common type of hate comment. While it touches on digital communication and (im)politeness analysis, it does not explicitly apply specific pragmatic theories.
5. (Im)Politeness and (In)Civility in Social Media: The Case of Pronouns and Propositions in Twitter Comments, Aisah, 2020. This paper analyzes impoliteness and incivility in Indonesian Twitter comments using Culpeper's impoliteness theory and Papacharissi's incivility theory. It examines how pronouns and propositions are used to attack President Jokowi's positive face, finding that informal pronouns like "Lu/Loe" are considered impolite.
6. Impoliteness in Indonesian Language Hate Speech on Social Media Contained in the Instagram Account, Subyantoro Subyantoro, S. Apriyanto, 2020. This paper analyzes hate speech using impoliteness theory, identifying strategies like positive and negative impoliteness. The study focuses on Indonesian language hate speech found in Instagram comments. While it does discuss social media, it does not explicitly apply pragmatic theories.
7. Analysis Model of Impolite Indonesian Language Use, 2021. The paper analyzes impolite language use in Indonesian on social media, focusing on factors like context, power, diction, and ethical speech acts. It aims to develop a model for analyzing impoliteness. While it mentions social media, it does not explicitly apply pragmatic theories.
8. IMPOLITENESS STRATEGY IN INSTAGRAM CYBERBULLYING: A CASE STUDY OF JENNIFER DUNN POSTED BY @LAMBE_TURAH, Fani Indrawan, 2018. The paper perfectly matches the impoliteness and Indonesian language criteria, as it analyzes cyberbullying comments on an Indonesian Instagram account using Culpeper's impoliteness strategies. It is somewhat relevant to cyberpragmatics, as it applies a pragmatic theory (impoliteness strategies) to online communication.

Jonathan Culpeper (2011) in Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence

 

Jonathan Culpeper adalah seorang ahli pragmatik dan linguistik yang dikenal atas kontribusinya dalam studi tentang impoliteness atau ketidaksopanan dalam bahasa. Melalui berbagai karyanya, terutama buku "Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence" (2011), Culpeper mengeksplorasi bagaimana ketidaksopanan digunakan sebagai alat komunikasi yang efektif untuk menyampaikan pesan tertentu.

Definisi dan Konsep Dasar

Ketidaksopanan, menurut Culpeper, merujuk pada perilaku komunikatif yang menarik evaluasi negatif dalam konteks tertentu dan menyebabkan pelanggaran atau ketidaknyamanan. Ini berbeda dari ketidaksopanan yang tidak disengaja atau ketidaktahuan terhadap norma sosial; ketidaksopanan sering kali bersifat disengaja dan strategis. Culpeper menekankan bahwa ketidaksopanan bukan hanya kebalikan dari kesopanan, tetapi memiliki dinamika dan fungsi tersendiri dalam interaksi sosial.

Strategi Ketidaksopanan

Dalam upayanya untuk menguraikan anatomi ketidaksopanan, Culpeper mengidentifikasi beberapa strategi utama yang digunakan individu untuk mengekspresikan ketidaksopanan:

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20 Most Cited papers in Journal of Pragmatics Research

On speech acts  IDP Wijana, Journal of Pragmatics Research 3 (1), 14-27 48 2021

An analysis of directive speech act found in “koi mil gaya” movie TN Fitria, Journal of Pragmatics Research 1 (2), 89-99 48 2019
Pragmatics principles of English teachers in Islamic elementary school  GR Pasaribu, SH Daulay, PT Nasution, Journal of Pragmatics Research 4 (1), 29-40 42 2022
Speech acts in EFL classrooms  D Christianto, Journal of Pragmatics Research 2 (1), 68-79 28 2020
Maxim of cooperative principle violation by Dodit Mulyanto in stand-up comedy Indonesia season 4
AUS Raharja, A Rosyidha,  Journal of Pragmatics Research 1 (1), 62-77 26 2019
The Analysis Of Politeness Strategey Used By The Main Character Of Novel “The Sun Also Rises”
W Widyastuti, Journal of Pragmatics Research 1 (2), 118-138 24 2019
The flouting maxim on twitter influencers’ tweets
N Hassani, Journal of Pragmatics Research 1 (2), 139-155 20 2019
Impoliteness of directive speech acts in online Indonesian language learning
LE Rahmawati, N Hidayat, A Kurniawan, Journal of Pragmatics Research 3 (2), 97-107 19 2021
Turn Taking in Mata Najwa Talk Show" Ragu-Ragu Perpu" Episode: A Conversational Analysis
F Habibi, DN Hidayat, A Alek, Journal of Pragmatics Research 2 (1), 80-96 19 2020
Persuasive Strategies in Selected Brand Products’ Advertisement on Instagram: Rationalization Aspect
TN Fitria, Journal of Pragmatics Research 3 (2), 108-130 17 2021
Impoliteness addressed to different genders and their responses in the Kitchen Nightmares, a TV reality show, AD Milal, AC Pramono
Journal of Pragmatics Research 3 (2), 131-146 14 2021
The problem of Presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm
F Risdianto, N Malihah, A Guritno, Journal of Pragmatics Research 1 (1), 1-12 13 2019
Internet analysis of figurative language in automotive advertisement slogans
K Atmaja, Journal of Pragmatics Research 4 (1), 18-28 12 2022
The use of Declaration of Illocutionary Acts of the Korean-English Drama “I Hear Your Voice”
E Sartika, S Marzuqoh, K Majid, Journal of Pragmatics research 1 (1), 30-42 12 2019
A cross-cultural pragmatics study of request strategies and politeness in Javanese and Sundanese
PA Chintawidy, NW Sartini, Journal of Pragmatics Research 4 (2), 152-166 10 2022
Hedges function in masculine and feminine feature’s language: a pragmatics analysis
DN Azizah, Journal of Pragmatics Research 3 (1), 59-69 9 2021
Pragmatic features of the speech act of compliment in a Turkish TV drama
MH Keshavarz, Y Çetereisi, G Asit, Journal of Pragmatics Research 2 (1), 1-25 9 2020
Discourse and power relations: A critical discourse analysis of a Pakistani talk Show
N Iqbal, KA Azhar, ZA Shah ,Journal of Pragmatics Research 2 (1), 26-40 9 2020
Cooperative principles at work: Unveiling EFL classroom interaction in AKM University through a sociopragmatic lens , R Oktaviabri, A Degaf, Journal of Pragmatics Research 5 (2), 190-219 8 2023
Speech acts found in English tourism slogans used in Indonesia
G Giyatmi, PI Astuti, R Wijayava, Journal of Pragmatics Research 3 (1), 70-85 8 2021

Keluguan dan Kejujuran Orang Samin

 

Berikut adalah contoh percakapan lucu yang melibatkan orang Samin, lengkap dengan terjemahan dari bahasa Jawa ke bahasa Indonesia.

*Percakapan 1: Naik Bus*

*Orang Samin:*  Pak…Rembang nggih?  (Pak, ke Rembang ya?)

*Kondektur:*  Nggih, monggo nitih bis.  (Iya, silakan naik bus.)

*Orang Samin:*  Ongkos menapa?  (Ongkosnya berapa?)

*Kondektur:*  Ya ongkos nitih bis, Pak.   (Ya bayar untuk naik bus, Pak.)

*Orang Samin:*  Njenengan ingkang nawani kulo nitih bis.   (Kan Anda yang menawari saya naik bus.)

*Kondektur:*   Tapi nggih tetep mbayar, Pak.  (Tapi ya tetap harus bayar, Pak.)

*Orang Samin:*   Kulo mboten gadah arto.   (Saya tidak punya uang.)

*Kondektur:*  Lek ngoten mandap mriki mawon.   (Kalau begitu, turun sini saja.)

*Orang Samin:*   Nggih mboten nopo-nopo.   (Ya tidak apa-apa.)

---

*Percakapan 2: Gigi Palsu*

Summary of Culpeper’s Impoliteness Principles

 

Jonathan Culpeper (2011) in Impoliteness: Using Language to Cause Offence explores how language can be used to harm, offend, and assert power, challenging traditional politeness theories.

Key Points on Politeness and Impoliteness:

1. Definition of Impoliteness:

   • Impoliteness is a negative attitude toward specific behaviors occurring in specific contexts.
   • It arises from a conflict between expectations and how those expectations are met.
   • Impolite behavior can damage social identity and cause emotional harm.

2. Challenging Traditional Politeness Theories:

   • Classic politeness theories (Brown & Levinson, Leech) focus on harmony and cooperation.
   • Culpeper argues that these theories marginalize conflict and offensive interactions.
   • He emphasizes that impoliteness is not just a failure of politeness but an intentional, structured phenomenon.

SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS

   SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACTS

NO	TYPE	DESCRIPTION
1	Assertive/ Representative	Assertives involve the speaker expressing their beliefs about what is true or false. They can take the form of stating facts, making assertions, drawing conclusions, and describing things. Essentially, the speaker makes statements that they feel are true or want others to believe them (Yule, 1996). EXAMPLE: I believe that social media contributes to body image issues - expresses a personal opinion through the use of the word ‘believe’
2	Declarative/ Verdictive	According to Searle (1969), declaratives are a type of speech act that can alter the state of the world through uttering them. To make a declaration correctly, the speaker must have a particular institutional position and be in a specific context. EXAMPLE: In a wedding ceremony, an officiant might say, I now pronounce you husband and wife would formally declare the couple as married.
3	Expressive	Expressives refer to speech acts in which the speaker expresses their emotional state or psychological experience. Expressives emphasize the speaker's feelings, attitudes, and per- perspectives in a particular situation (Yule, 1996). EXAMPLE These speech acts can involve statements of pleasure (e.g., This is great!), pain (e.g., That hurts, ouch!), likes (e.g., This tastes so good), dislikes (e.g., I don’t like this), joy (e.g., This is the best day ever!), or sorrow (e.g., I am sorry to hear that).
4	Directive/ Command	Directives refer to speech acts speakers use to instruct the hearer to perform a particular action (Searle, 1969). EXAMPLE Please stop talking! - a request to have someone be quiet about the speaker's desires and can take the form of commands, orders, requests, and suggestions. Directives can be either positive or negative
5	Commisive	Searle (1969) explains that commissives refer to speech acts in which the speaker commits to a future action. These speech acts reveal the speaker's intentions and can be promises, threats, refusals, and pledges. Commissives can be made by an individual or by a group of speakers. EXAMPLE I promise I will be there by 9 a.m. - expresses a commitment to be punctual.

 

 

                               

                               

                                                

5 Categories of Illocutionary acts by Searle

 

22 secondary documents found in Scopus database for Journal of Pragmatics Research

Results list shows results 1 through 22 of 22 results.

Rethinking on Expressive Speech Act Realization in The Comments Section on YouTube Channel
Hambali, A.J., Risdianto, F., Rahma, S.S., Journal of Pragmatics Research, 6(1), pp. 52–73
2024, 1

Deixis Study in Speech Text of President Joko Widodo on Independence Day
Manik, K. N., Tarigan, M. S. B., Sinaga, D. R., Journal of Pragmatics Research, 5(2), pp. 168–189
2023, 1

A cross-cultural pragmatics study of request strategies and politeness in Javanese and Sundanese
Chintawidy, P.A., Sartini, N.W., Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(2), pp. 152–166
2022, 2

Pragmatics Principles of English Teachers in Islamic Elementary School
Pasaribu, G., Daulay, S. H., Nasution, P., Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(1), pp. 29–40, 2022

Code Mixing Usage in Imperfect: Karier, Cinta & Timbangan Movie Directed by Ernest Prakarsa
Wibowo, A. I., Ramdhani, Z., Rahayuningsih, R., Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(1), pp. 60–72
2022, 1

Students’ Politeness to Lecturers in WhatsApp Application Measured Using Leech Maxim
Nurdiyani, Netty, Sasongko, Sasongko, Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(1), pp. 107–121, 2022
Internet analysis of figurative language in automotive advertisement slogans
Atmaja, K., Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(1), pp. 18–28, 2022, 3

The Analysis of Impoliteness within Grammar Nazi Context in Twitter Tweets
Soehendro, E. I., Jumanto, J., Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(1), pp. 73–92, 2022

PegiatJurnal.com: List Jurnal Terindeks SCOPUS Bidang Linguistics, E...

PegiatJurnal.com: List Jurnal Terindeks SCOPUS Bidang Linguistics, E...: Yang pernah S3 di Indonesia atau yang sekarang sedang S3 di Indonesia sedikit banyak terkena kewajiban ini. Dorongan yang masif dan terkesan...

Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics

  

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rUhmRNHnmV0wfKlG5ysSlCi9E0Sev2CF/view?usp=sharing

Jenny Thomas is a significant figure in the field of pragmatics, particularly known for her contributions to the understanding of **pragmatic failure**. Her seminal work, notably the 1983 article "Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure," laid the groundwork for analyzing how misunderstandings occur in communication across different cultures.

## Key Concepts of Jenny Thomas's Pragmatics

### **Pragmatic Failure**

- **Definition**: Thomas defines pragmatic failure as "the inability to comprehend what is intended by what is spoken" [1]. This concept highlights the challenges that arise when speakers and listeners come from different cultural backgrounds, leading to misinterpretations of meaning.

- **Types**: She categorizes pragmatic failures into two main types:

  - **Pragma-linguistic failure**: This occurs when there are misunderstandings about the pragmatic force of an utterance, often due to different linguistic contexts.

  - **Socio-pragmatic failure**: This type arises from differing beliefs about social norms, rights, and expectations in communication [3][4].

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2024 Ina-PrA Congress and 1st Ina-PrA International Conference

 2024 Ina-PrA Congress and 1st Ina-PrA International Conference  

THEME: Pragmatics and Language Use: Locally elaborated, globally connected. Live on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/live/KStkqLhJqd4?si=cYywZijdf_2Ua-6t 

[LIVE] SPECIAL TALKSHOW - Menjelang Kongres INAPRA Perdana dan Konferensi Internasional INAPRA 2024

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2024 Ina-PrA Congress and 1st Ina-PrA International Conference

 

2024 Ina-PrA Congress and 1st Ina-PrA International Conference

THEME: Pragmatics and Language Use: Locally elaborated, globally connected.

This exciting event will explore various subtopics, including 

micro-pragmatics, macro-pragmatics, intercultural-pragmatics, cyber-pragmatics,

socio-pragmatics, ethno-pragmatics, and other topics related to Pragmatics.

By fostering dialogues among scholars from various disciplines, we aim to reveal the intricate relationships between language use and cultural contexts, highlighting the relevance of pragmatic theories in an increasingly interconnected world. 

Please join us as we attempt to inspire innovative research at this landmark gathering!